Multiple Choice
Identify the
choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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How does the cell multiply its
peroxisomes?
a. | The cell synthesizes hydrogen peroxide and encloses it
in a membrane. | b. | They split in two
after they are too large. | c. | They are built de
novo from cytosol materials. | d. | They are brought
into the cell from the environment. | e. | They bud off from
the ER. |
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2.
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Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells
that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
a. | steroids | b. | starches | c. | lipids | d. | glucose | e. | proteins |
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3.
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Which of the following makes it necessary for
animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?
a. | Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily get
through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes. | b. | Maintenance of connective tissue shape requires cells to adhere to one
another. | c. | The relative shapelessness of animal cells requires a
mechanism for keeping the cells aligned. | d. | Cell-to-cell
communication requires physical attachment of one cell to another. | e. | Cell membranes do not distinguish the types of ions and molecules passing
through them. |
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4.
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Motor proteins provide for molecular motion in
cells by interacting with what types of cellular structures?
a. | cellulose fibers in the cell
wall | b. | cytoskeletons | c. | membrane proteins | d. | ribosomes | e. | sites of energy
production in cellular respiration |
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5.
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The liver is involved in detoxification of many
poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and
therefore abundant in liver cells?
a. | rough ER | b. | Nuclear envelope | c. | Golgi
apparatus | d. | smooth ER | e. | Transport vesicles |
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6.
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Which of the following produces and modifies
polysaccharides that will be secreted?
a. | Golgi apparatus | b. | lysosome | c. | vacuole | d. | peroxisome | e. | mitochondrion |
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7.
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Which is one of the main energy transformers of
cells?
a. | lysosome | b. | Golgi apparatus | c. | peroxisome | d. | mitochondrion | e. | vacuole |
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8.
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Which of the following contain the 9 + 2
arrangement of microtubules?
a. | cilia | b. | centrioles | c. | flagella | d. | A and C
only | e. | A, B, and C |
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Use the following to answer the following
questions. All three are involved in maintenance of cell shape.
| Property | Microtubules (tubulin polymers) | Microfilaments (actin
filaments) | Intermediate filaments | | Structure | Hollow tubes; wall consists of
13 columns of tubulin molecules | Two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of
actin subunits | Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables | | Diameter | 25 nm with 15-nm lumen | 7 nm | 8-12 nm | | Main functions | Cell motility | Cell motility | Anchorage | | | | |
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9.
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Tubulin is a dimer, made up of 2 slightly different
polypeptides, alpha and beta. Given the structure above, what is the most likely consequence to the
structure of the microtubule?
a. | Tubulin molecules themselves must be rigid
structures. | b. | Microtubules in
cilia must never grow or become shorter. | c. | One
"half-pipe" side of the tubule must be heavier in alpha and the other in beta
subunits. | d. | One end of a microtubule can grow or release dimers at a
faster rate than the other. | e. | Microtubules grow
by adding a complete circular layer at a time rather than
spiraling. |
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10.
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If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to
a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction?
a. | egg cells (ova), uterus, and
kidneys | b. | all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous
glands | c. | microvilli, alveoli, and
glomeruli | d. | limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of
contraction | e. | sperm, larynx, and
trachea |
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11.
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The differences among the three categories of
cytoskeletal elements would suggest that each of the following has specialized roles. Which of the
following is a correct match?
a. | microfilaments and the nuclear
lamina | b. | microfilaments and ciliary
motion | c. | microtubules and cleavage furrow
formation | d. | intermediate filaments and cytoplasmic
streaming | e. | microtubules and chromosome
movement |
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12.
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Centrioles, cilia, flagella, and basal bodies have
remarkably similar structural elements and arrangements. This leads us to which of the following as a
probable hypothesis?
a. | Loss of basal bodies should lead to loss of all cilia,
flagella, and centrioles. | b. | Evolution of
motility, of cells or of parts of cells, must have occurred only once. | c. | Motor proteins such as dynein must have evolved before any of these four kinds
of structure. | d. | Natural selection
for motility must select for microtubular arrays in circular patterns. | e. | Disruption of one of these types of structure should necessarily disrupt each
of the others as well. |
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13.
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The peroxisome gets its name from its interaction
with hydrogen peroxide. If a liver cell is detoxifying alcohol and some other poisons, it does so by
removal of hydrogen from the molecules. What, then, do the enzymes of the peroxisome
do?
a. | use the hydrogen to break down hydrogen
peroxide | b. | transfer the harmful substances to the
mitochondria | c. | combine the
hydrogen with ATP | d. | transfer the
hydrogens to oxygen molecules |
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14.
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All of the following are part of a
prokaryotic cell except
a. | DNA. | b. | a cell wall. | c. | ribosomes. | d. | an endoplasmic
reticulum. | e. | a plasma
membrane. |
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15.
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Which of the following contains enzymes that
transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen?
a. | peroxisome | b. | vacuole | c. | Golgi
apparatus | d. | mitochondrion | e. | lysosome |
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16.
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Under which of the following conditions would you
expect to find a cell with a predominance of free ribosomes?
a. | a cell that is enlarging its
vacuole | b. | a cell that is constructing its cell wall or
extracellular matrix | c. | a cell that is
secreting proteins | d. | a cell that is
producing cytoplasmic enzymes | e. | a cell that is
digesting food particles |
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17.
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Which of the following is a compartment that often
takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?
a. | Golgi apparatus | b. | lysosome | c. | peroxisome | d. | vacuole | e. | mitochondrion |
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18.
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Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA
include
a. | ribosomes. | b. | mitochondria. | c. | chloroplasts. | d. | B and C
only | e. | A, B, and C |
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19.
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Which statement correctly characterizes
bound ribosomes?
a. | Bound ribosomes generally synthesize membrane proteins
and secretory proteins. | b. | Bound and free
ribosomes are structurally different. | c. | Bound ribosomes
are enclosed in their own membrane. | d. | The most common
location for bound ribosomes is the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma
membrane. | e. | All of the above. |
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20.
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Microfilaments are well known for their role in
which of the following?
a. | ameboid movement | b. | formation of cleavage furrows | c. | contracting of muscle cells | d. | A and B only | e. | A, B, and
C |
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21.
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The mitochondrion, like the nucleus, has two or
more membrane layers. How is the innermost of these layers different from that of the
nucleus?
a. | The two membranes are biochemically very
different. | b. | The inner membrane
of the mitochondrion is separated out into thylakoids. | c. | The inner mitochondrial membrane is devoid of nearly all
proteins. | d. | The inner mitochondrial membrane is highly
folded. | e. | The space between the two layers of the nuclear membrane
is larger. |
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22.
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Which of the following contains hydrolytic
enzymes?
a. | peroxisome | b. | Golgi apparatus | c. | lysosome | d. | vacuole | e. | mitochondrion |
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23.
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Cells can be described as having a cytoskeleton of
internal structures that contribute to the shape, organization, and movement of the cell. Which of
the following are part of the cytoskeleton?
a. | the nuclear envelope | b. | mitochondria | c. | nucleoli | d. | microfilaments | e. | lysosomes |
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24.
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Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic
cell?
a. | ribosome | b. | ER | c. | mitochondrion | d. | nuclear
envelope | e. | chloroplast |
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25.
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Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality
that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large and complex lipids. Which
cellular organelle must be involved in this condition?
a. | the lysosome | b. | the Golgi apparatus | c. | the endoplasmic
reticulum | d. | mitochondria | e. | membrane-bound ribosomes |
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26.
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Which type of organelle is primarily involved in
the synthesis of oils, phospholipids, and steroids?
a. | lysosome | b. | smooth endoplasmic reticulum | c. | ribosome | d. | contractile
vacuole | e. | mitochondrion |
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27.
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Of the following, which cell structure would most
likely be visible with a light microscope that has been manufactured to the maximum resolving power
possible?
a. | largest microfilament | b. | microtubule | c. | nuclear
pore | d. | ribosome | e. | mitochondrion |
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28.
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Which structure is the site of the synthesis of
proteins that may be exported from the cell?
a. | lysosomes | b. | rough ER | c. | Golgi
vesicles | d. | plasmodesmata | e. | tight junctions |
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29.
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The chemical reactions involved in respiration are
virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized
primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. Where are the corresponding reactions likely to
occur in prokaryotic respiration?
a. | on the inner plasma membrane | b. | on the inner mitochondrial membrane | c. | on the inner nuclear envelope | d. | in the cytoplasm | e. | on the endoplasmic
reticulum |
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30.
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Which of the following relationships between cell
structures and their respective functions is correct?
a. | chloroplasts: chief sites of cellular
respiration | b. | chromosomes:
cytoskeleton of the nucleus | c. | cell wall:
support, protection | d. | lysosomes:
formation of ATP | e. | ribosomes:
secretion |
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31.
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Cells of the pancreas will incorporate
radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This "tagging" of newly synthesized
proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme
secreted by pancreatic cells. What is its most likely pathway?
a. | Golgi ® ER ® lysosome | b. | nucleus ® ER ® Golgi | c. | ER ® Golgi ®
vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane | d. | ER ® lysosomes ® vesicles that fuse with
plasma membrane | e. | ER ® Golgi ®
nucleus |
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32.
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Which of the following contains its own DNA and
ribosomes?
a. | Golgi apparatus | b. | peroxisome | c. | vacuole | d. | lysosome | e. | mitochondrion |
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33.
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Which structure-function pair is
mismatched?
a. | Golgi; protein trafficking | b. | nucleolus; production of ribosomal subunits | c. | ribosome; protein synthesis | d. | microtubule; muscle contraction | e. | lysosome; intracellular digestion |
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34.
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Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components
found in
a. | lysosomes. | b. | vacuoles. | c. | chloroplasts. | d. | nuclei. | e. | mitochondria. |
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35.
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Which of the following is a major cause of the size
limits for certain types of cells?
a. | the observation that longer cells usually have greater
cell volume | b. | the evolution of
larger cells after the evolution of smaller cells | c. | the need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's
function | d. | the difference in plasma membranes between prokaryotes
and eukaryotes | e. | the evolution of
eukaryotes after the evolution of prokaryotes |
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36.
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Which cell would be best for studying
lysosomes?
a. | muscle cell | b. | nerve cell | c. | phagocytic white
blood cell | d. | leaf cell of a
plant | e. | bacterial cell |
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37.
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All of the following serve an important role in
determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the
others in their composition?
a. | intermediate filaments | b. | nuclear lamina | c. | microfilaments | d. | plant cell
walls | e. | microtubules |
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38.
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A cell has the following molecules and structures:
enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from
a. | an animal, but not a plant. | b. | a plant or an animal. | c. | any kind of
organism. | d. | a plant, but not an animal. | e. | a bacterium. |
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39.
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The difference in lipid and protein composition
between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determined by
a. | the synthesis of lipids and proteins in each of the
organelles of the endomembrane system. | b. | the function of
the Golgi apparatus in sorting membrane components. | c. | the transportation of membrane among the endomembrane system by small membrane
vesicles. | d. | the modification of the membrane components once they
reach their final destination. | e. | the physical
separation of most membranes from each other. |
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40.
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The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear
envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that
a. | small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear
envelope. | b. | at least some of the proteins that function in the
nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope. | c. | the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane
system. | d. | the nuclear envelope is physically continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum. | e. | nuclear pore
complexes contain proteins. |
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41.
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A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and
then centrifuged the mixture to fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier
fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP
in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain,
respectively,
a. | mitochondria and
chloroplasts. | b. | mitochondria and
peroxisomes. | c. | chloroplasts and
mitochondria. | d. | peroxisomes and
chloroplasts. | e. | chloroplasts and
peroxisomes. |
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42.
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Which structure is common to plant and
animal cells?
a. | central vacuole | b. | centriole | c. | mitochondrion | d. | chloroplast | e. | wall made of
cellulose |
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43.
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Recent evidence shows that individual chromosomes
occupy fairly defined territories within the nucleus. Given the structure and location of the
following parts of the nucleus, which would be more probably involved in chromosome
location?
a. | the nuclear matrix | b. | the nucleolus | c. | nuclear
pores | d. | the outer lipid bilayer | e. | the nuclear lamina |
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44.
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The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant
cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable
explanation for this observation is that
a. | animal cells are more spherical, while plant cells are
elongated. | b. | plant cells have a
much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. | c. | the basic functions of plant cells are very different from those of animal
cells. | d. | plant cells are capable of having a much higher
surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells. | e. | plant cells
contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the
cytoplasm. |
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45.
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In animal cells, hydrolytic enzymes are packaged to
prevent general destruction of cellular components. Which of the following organelles functions in
this compartmentalization?
a. | lysosome | b. | central vacuole | c. | glyoxysome | d. | peroxisome | e. | chloroplast |
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46.
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Recent evidence shows that the extracellular matrix
can take part in regulating the expression of genes. A likely possibility for this might be which of
the following?
a. | Intracellular signals might cause changes in the
fibronectin binding to the cell surface. | b. | Fibronectin binds
to integrins built into the plasma membrane. | c. | Proteoglycans in
the ECM become large enough in aggregate to force genetic alteration. | d. | Mechanical signals of the ECM can alter the cytoskeleton, which can alter
intracellular signaling. | e. | Orientation of
microfilaments to the ECM can change the gene activity. |
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47.
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Why isn't the mitochondrion classified as part
of the endomembrane system?
a. | It only has two membrane
layers. | b. | It has too many vesicles. | c. | Its structure is not derived from the ER. | d. | It is not attached to the outer nuclear envelope. | e. | It is not involved in protein
synthesis. |
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48.
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The Golgi apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to
its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this
polarity?
a. | Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the
Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the
other. | b. | Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and
leave from the opposite side. | c. | Proteins in the
membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the
other. | d. | Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and
modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other. | e. | All of the above correctly describe polar characteristics of the Golgi
function. |
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49.
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Which of the following are capable of converting
light energy to chemical energy?
a. | Golgi bodies | b. | peroxisomes | c. | leucoplasts | d. | mitochondria | e. | chloroplasts |
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50.
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Which structure is not part of the
endomembrane system?
a. | ER | b. | plasma
membrane | c. | nuclear envelope | d. | chloroplast | e. | Golgi
apparatus |
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